A thick. Moving layer of ice acts like a huge plough. In the ice age,thick streams of ice, which were several kilometres long, moved from Scandinavia towards the south, scraping and leveling the land below them. Even today, this is an ongoing natural process in the landscapes of Finland and North Germany. Ice also shapes landscapes …

Gorges, also called 'revines', or 'flumes', or  'canyons ' are deep, narrow valley with sharply steep cliff. Thy are formed mostly due to the action of flowing water when a stream or a river digs into the surrounding rocks. The most famous Gorges is the Grand  canyon in the USA, Arizona;it is almost 1800mdeep…

Different types of landscape such as plains,,wide valley's, gorges, dunes, rounded hills, and rugged ridges are formed largely by the forces of water 💧wind, and moving ice 🧊which nibble, sharpen, and polish the surface of the Earth. Experts call this process 'erosion '. These forces are much stronger than they appear. …

Waves are formed as a result of the constant friction between water and wind if a wind is blowing over the water surface,it carries away particles of water with it .the water starts moving in this way. There fore, the distance between the 'wavecrets' is determined by the wind A constant wind gives rise to long, soft waves, w…

The Iceberg in the north and lotic are large pieces of ice that have broken off from the glaciers Greenland.since broken water is lighter than liquid water, the broken pieces float as iceberg on the sea.They are pointy often interspersed with debris. In contrast, the icebergs in the South Atlantic are mostly flat. They are broken pi…

oA storm is a natural phenomenon, and hence cannot be prevented. It happens when the normal water level rises high along the shore due to strong onshore winds and/or reduced atmospheric pressure as in the North sea. It is not an open ocean, being blocked from the ocean by the British Isles. As a result, the water dams up very quickl…

When Rhine falls on the ground and seepz below it, it washes away substances from the soil and rocks. it carries these substance into the river and the sea .you can read the names of these substances on the label of a bottle of mineral water .River water contains only a little salt-about 1g/l,whereas the salt 🧂content of the sea is…

The bat is that area of the Earth which has been researched the least. However, we know, through sound wave technology, that there are deep valleys, high mountain ranges, steep slopes, and flat regions on the seabed. We also know that the seabed undergoes continuous changes. Underwater volcanic mountain ⛰ridges from at place where t…

The word 'ocean 'implies the large water bodies of the world, namely, the pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Artict, as well the Antarctic oceans where we find icebergs. Smaller seas are separated from the ocean by island chins or underwater ridges which are called 'bordering seas '.These include the North sea,the Baltic…

The Japanese world 'Tsunami' means 'Harbour wave' .it is a serious of water waves caused  by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water ,usually and ocean thought thought it can accused in large lakes.Tsunami are caused by undersea landslide or by 'seaquekes ' that is an earthquake whose epicentre …

Living in an earthquake -prone zone is Upton an unavoidable. For instance almost entire Japan lies in an earthquake- prone zone. For these reason, buildings here primarily made 'earthquakes resistant 'so that the loss can be minimized. Buildings are built on foundation made of steel balls are from elastic materials such as b…

A weak Earthquakes - up to an intensity of 4.0 on the Richter scale-hardly causes any damage. Earthquakes with stronger intensities can cause cracks in buildings. They move the foundation of buildings, cause houses to collapse, and lead to land slides. Supply lines get disrupted and gas leakage cause houses fires 🔥. In large Earthq…

The intensity of an earthquake is measured by recording the tremors of the Earth's surface with a 'seismograph'.These tremors appear when the earthquake waves reach the surface of the Earth. Such seismograph consists of a large, inert weight, stays at rest even the during earthquakes. A pen is attached to this pendulum.…

Earthquakes occur mainly at the borders of the plates, where two plates slide past each other. Most earthquakes occur in the Himalayan region. The actual seismic center,the 'hypocentre',lies deep below the surface of the Earth 🌎the point on the surface of the Earth lying immediately above this called the 'epicentre '…

The moving tectonic plates, in which the uppermost layer of the Earth is divided, not only collide at the many places but also often slide fast each other. This causes friction and leads to problems once in a while. Stress builds up, which then gets discharged very quickly. There is a jerk-the Earth 🌎trembles. This gives rise to sh…

Volcanoes are found primarily at the border of the plates, where the oceanic Earth's crust submerges below another plate,melts in the depth, and magma rises. This is Generally the case all around the facific ocean. Here, the cocos and the Nazca plates submerge below the middle and south America, and the pacific plates submerge b…

Farmers prefer to settle near volcanoes because the soil is very fertile due to the lava and volcanic ash deposits. When the volcano erupts, people leave the place for some time, and return to the risk zone after the eruption because the safer places are already inhabited moreover, for many people the area around the volcano is home…

Because volcanoes are highly erratic , it becomes very difficult to predict volcano eruptions. But there are ways of saving lives. Early tremors and earthquakes are often signs of a volcanic eruptions-gases are emitted and the volcano exapands by a few centimeters to a metre.the volconologist carefully abserve these signs. In 1991, …

We can call a volcano dangerous only when it causes damage to humans life. For instance, if a volcano erupts on the almost uninhibited East-asian peninsula of Kamchatka, it is hardly reported in the news. But, if a volcano starts spewing hot 🔥gases and ash in a densely populated area, many livies are risk. Explosive volcanic erupti…

Since material of coming out of the earth's core is different in different areas, the resultant changes are also different. If the megma is very hot 🔥🥵 more than 10000c,it is dark , thin and mostly flows quietly. The sides of such volcanoes have gradually slops. Colder, and hence more viscous, megma often erupts in explosions.…

Volcanoes are natural phenomenon that occur everywhere, but some places are more prone than the other. The molten rock and gas in the mentle called magma  pushes its way upwards and pour to the surface through cracks in the crust. This is a volcano. There are different types of Volcanoes;some are explosive o…

Seas arise at places where the earth's crust cracked open due to expansion. Around 200million years ago the Atlantic was formed in this way. Today in East Africa, a crack from Malawi toethiopia has formed as a result of the eruption of a volcano 🌋. If the soil sinks further, water from the areas Will enter the ereg…

Mountains ⛰are formed in two ways. When the tectonic plates move, they collid against each other. When the heavy oceanic part of plate collides with the continental part, it submarges below it. The Andes,for instance, were formed in this way. The other way is when two continents collide with each other, the plates bend a…

This discovery is credited to the German geologist Alfred Wegener.He not only discovered that coastline of South America fits very well against that of Africa but also showed that the fossils  in both the coastal region are similar. He also proposed another idea:about 300 million years ago there must have been a single, continuous l…

The relatively solid earth's crust-and  a part of the layer that lies below it divided into seven large and more than ten smaller plates float over the hot 🔥, viscous layer, which is continuously in motion-like boiling soup 🍲These flushes of heat in the earth's interior are known as 'convection cells '.At places wh…

No,since its origin about 4.8billion years ago, our planet has undergone a lot of changes. The initial ball of fire 🔥cooled down and the surface slowly turned solid. Today, we know that the earth's crust is divided into several plates, which move continuously. Entire continents have been displaced and mountains, is…

The world 'atmosphere 'means a gaseous cover enveloping a planet. Without atmosphere life would not have been possible on the earth:One-fifth of the atmosphere is oxygen and four-fifths is nitrogen. Like the earth 's interior, the atmosphere too is made up of several layers. All animals and plants live in the lowermost l…

Gravity is the force of the earth that attracts every object towards it self. From our perspective this force always acts down words.For a long time people did not believe that the earth is round because then the people 'underneath 'the sphere would have actually fallen down. In 1687,a physicist, IsaacNewton, proved that the…

About 3000years ago people believed that the earth was flat. But people wondered why ships disappeared at the horizon. Sailors too returned from journeys and were proof that ships did not fall off the edge of the earth. The simplest explanation 👌was:the earth must be round. The final proof came in the year 1522after the expedition…

Caves and Maines go only up to 1-2km inside the earth. Even the deepest wells of the world, such as the one 12km deep in the Russian kola penninusula or the 9km-deep one in the upper platinate, hardly scratch the earth's crust. One can "look "deep inside the earth 🌎in the aftermath of earthquakes or by creating nucle…